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類型：學位論文
研究生中文名：王素音
研究生英文名：SuYin Grass Wang
論文中文名稱：Nuclear dependence of transverse momentum distributions for Drell-Yan, J/ Ψ , and Ψ ' production in p+p collisions at sqrt(s) =15.5 GeV
論文英文名稱：Nuclear dependence of transverse momentum distributions for Drell-Yan, J/ Ψ , and Ψ ' production in p+p collisions at sqrt(s) =15.5 GeV
指導教授：郭榮升 Guo, Rurng-Sheng
學位類別：博士
院校名稱：國立高雄師範大學
系所名稱：物理學系
畢業學年度：104
論文出版年：2016
學號：89833005
語文別：英文
論文頁數：109
關鍵詞：費米實驗室, JPsi
論文中文摘要：The suppression of J/£Z and £Z' production due to the plasmas screening of strong interaction has been considered as one of the important signatures of the formation of quark-gluon-plasma in the nucleus-nucleus collisions. In order to establish the baseline of similar suppression effect caused by the cold nuclear matter, the measurement of nuclear dependence of transverse momentum spectrum of J/£Z, £Z' and Drell-Yan production in the proton-nucleus collisions is essential. Other than understanding the absorption of charmonium in the nuclear medium, it also provides valuable information of production mechanisms for J/£Z and £Z' and the interaction of fast-moving partons with the nuclear medium before the hard collisions. We performed such measurement in SeaQuest E906 experiment at Fermilab with 120-GeV proton beams. By comparison with the results of similar measurement by E772 and E866 with 800-GeV proton beams, we observe no change in the production and absorption of J/£Z and £Z' and slightly stronger initial-state interaction for quarks with nuclear medium at low energies.
論文外文摘要：The suppression of J/£Z and £Z' production due to the plasmas screening of strong interaction has been considered as one of the important signatures of the formation of quark-gluon-plasma in the nucleus-nucleus collisions. In order to establish the baseline of similar suppression effect caused by the cold nuclear matter, the measurement of nuclear dependence of transverse momentum spectrum of J/£Z, £Z' and Drell-Yan production in the proton-nucleus collisions is essential. Other than understanding the absorption of charmonium in the nuclear medium, it also provides valuable information of production mechanisms for J/£Z and £Z' and the interaction of fast-moving partons with the nuclear medium before the hard collisions. We performed such measurement in SeaQuest E906 experiment at Fermilab with 120-GeV proton beams. By comparison with the results of similar measurement by E772 and E866 with 800-GeV proton beams, we observe no change in the production and absorption of J/£Z and £Z' and slightly stronger initial-state interaction for quarks with nuclear medium at low energies.
論文目次：1 Introduction 1
1.1 Standard model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 QCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Deep-Inelastic Scattering (DIS) and Drell-Yan Process . . . . . . 8
1.4 SeaQuest experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 J/Y and Y¡¦ production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6 Other interesting physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.7 Production mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.7.1 Initial-state and final-state effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.8 J/Y and Y¡¦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.8.1 Nuclear effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.8.2 Kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.9 What E772 and E866 found . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 Experiment Setup 21
2.1 Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.1 Trigger Sensitivity to Instantaneous Intensity . . . . . . . 23
2.1.2 Beam Intensity Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2 Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.1 Table Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3 Magnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4 Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.1 Hodoscopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.2 Tracking Chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4.3 Muon Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5 Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.6 Front End Electronics (FFEs) for DAQ system . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.6.1 ASDQ and Level Shift Board (LSB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.6.2 Trigger Supervisor (TS) and Trigger interrupt (TIR) . . . 37
2.6.3 SIS3610 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.6.4 Charge Integrator and Encoder (QIE) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.6.5 Scaler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.7 Time-to-Digital Converters (TDCs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.7.1 Hardware Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.7.2 Design and History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.7.3 TDC Firmware Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.7.4 Coarse-Time Counter (TC) Implementation . . . . . . . . 47
2.7.5 Scaler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.7.6 Scaler-Latch (SL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.8 DAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.8.1 CODA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.8.1.1 ROC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.8.2 Scaler DAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.8.2.1 Deadtime free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.8.3 Beam DAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.8.3.1 Deadtime free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.8.4 Main DAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.8.4.1 Deadtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.9 Decoder and MySQL Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.10 Event reconstroction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.11 Experiment timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3 Analysis 71
3.1 Data Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.2 SeaQuest Official Cut list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.2.1 Spill Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.2.2 Event Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.2.3 Track Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.2.4 Dimuon selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.2.5 Target/Dump selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.3 Dimuon Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.3.1 DY Histogram from Monte Carlo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.3.1.1 Dimuon Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.3.2 Gaussians for J/Y and Y¡¦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.3.3 Combinatorial Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.3.4 Mass Spectrum Fitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.4 Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.5 Ratio for Each Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.6 Systematic Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.6.1 Background estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.6.2 Rate dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.6.3 Final systematic error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.7 Merge different runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.8 Alpha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4 Result and Summary 99
4.1 Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.2 Alpha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.3.1 Drell-Yan process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.3.2 J/Y and Y¡¦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.3.3 Baseline for QGP screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.3.4 Future improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104


List of Figures
1.1 stardard model[2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 The example of the PDF function at Q=2 GeV and Q=85 GeVfrom
the CT10 group[9]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 DIS and Drell-Yan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 SeaQuest Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 The charmonia production diagram from quark-antiquark annihilation
and gluon-gluon fusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6 The E772 Drell-Yan Nuclear dependence ratio[30]. . . . . . . . . 20
1.7 E866 result of nuclear dependence of J/Y and Y¡¦[26]. . . . . . . 20
2.1 This figure schematically shows the SeaQuest spectrometer. The
120 GeV proton beam enters from the left, and the solid iron magnet
also serves as an absorber for the beam that did not interact
in a target. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2 Beam Intensity Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3 Layout of positionable target table showing the seven target positions.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.4 Perspective drawing of FMag showing the arrangement of the iron
slabs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.5 trigger matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.6 Block diagram of the TDC firmware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.7 Coarse-time counter implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.8 CODA diagram[54]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.9 Scaler DAQ information for each spill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.10 An example of the Beam DAQ webpage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.11 dimuon reconstroction example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.12 kTracker workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.13 SeaQuest timeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
VII
VIII LIST OF FIGURES
3.1 Example of mass spectrum fitting. The Black point is the data
point. The data are from carbon target at 0.54 < pT < 0.72. The
black line is the combinatorial background. The red line is the
J/Y Gaussians. The green line is the Y¡¦ Gaussians. The pink line
is DY from GMC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.2 All mass spectrum fitting of Data-set 67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.3 All mass spectrum fitting of Data-set 62. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.4 All mass spectrum fitting of Data-set Run. . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.5 The plot at left hand side is From GMC. The plot in the middle
is the ideal event, which is a real event for data. The plot on the
right hand side is the dirty event from real data. . . . . . . . . . 90
3.6 Ratio after merge different runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.7 An example of fitting. The y-axis of figure a is the left part of
Eq3.18 and the x-axis is the right part of Eq.3.18. This plot looks
like there are only two points. However, this function has to fit to
Eq. 3.18, which means thus function must pass the point (0,0), so
that is actually more like a 3 points fitting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.8 The fitting for each pT bin for DY process. The y-axis of figure a
is the left part of Eq3.18 and the x-axis is the right part of Eq.3.18.
This plot shows the fitting without systematic error . . . . . . . . 95
3.9 The fitting for each pT bin for DY process. The y-axis of figure
a is the left part of Eq. 3.18 and the x-axis is the right part of Eq.
3.18. This plot shows the fitting with systematic error . . . . . . . 95
3.10 The fitting for each pT bin for J/Y process. The y-axis of figure
a is the left part of Eq.3.18 and the x-axis is the right part of Eq.
3.18. This plot shows the fitting without systematic error . . . . . 96
3.11 The fitting for each pT bin for J/Y process. The y-axis of figure
a is the left part of Eq.3.18 and the x-axis is the right part of Eq.
3.18. This plot shows the fitting with systematic error . . . . . . . 96
3.12 The fitting for each pT bin for Y¡¦ process. The y-axis of figure
a is the left part of Eq.3.18 and the x-axis is the right part of Eq.
3.18. This plot shows the fitting without systematic error . . . . . 97
3.13 The fitting for each pT bin for Y¡¦ process. The y-axis of figure
a is the left part of Eq.3.18 and the x-axis is the right part of Eq.
3.18. This plot shows the fitting with systematic error . . . . . . . 97
3.14 result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
LIST OF FIGURES IX
4.1 The Ratio for each process. For the DY process, the hallow points
are the E772 data[25, 28, 30]. For the J/Y and Y¡¦ the hallow points
are the E866 data[26]. The blue points are the E906 data with
statistic error. The grey bar is the statistic error and systematic
error. The E906 experiment is using carbon as the reference target;
the E772 expriment was using LD2 as the reference target, but the
E866 is using Beryllium as the reference target. . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.2 The for each process. For the DY process, the hallow points are
the E772 data[25, 28, 30]. For the J/Y and Psip the hallow points
are the E866 data[26]. The blue points are the E906 data with
statistic error. The grey bar is the statistic error + systematic
error. Note. The E906 experiment is using carbon as the reference
target; the E772 expriment was using LD2 as the reference target,
but the E866 is using beryllium as the reference target. . . . . . 102
X LIST OF FIGURES
List of Tables
2.1 Target information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2 Parameters of all chambers. Those of primed planes are almost the
same as of unprimed planes. The z-positions of U and V planes
are relative to those of X planes. [32] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3 Triggers for Main DAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.1 The number of live proton for each solid target of each data set . 72
3.2 Table of all mass spectrum fitting result (Ni(pT) of Drell-Yan) . 80
3.3 Table of all mass spectrum fitting result (Ni(pT) of J/Y) . . . . . 81
3.4 Table of all mass spectrum fitting result (Ni(pT) of Y¡¦) . . . . . . 81
3.5 Parameters for cross section calculation. There are 3 pieces of each
solid target, so that the thickness of them are listed differently. . 86
3.6 Rmergein Eq.3.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.7 dRmerge is the statistic error of Rmergein Eq. 3.13 . . . . . . . . . 91
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Archive: hep ex/0011057
[62] http://www-bd.fnal.gov/doereview02/RunII handbook.pdf
[63] SEAQUEST Document 1460-v4
[64] SEAQUEST Document 1493-v11
[65] SEAQUEST Document 1554-v1
[66] SEAQUEST Document 1534-v1
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